Fictional Research About CCTV Cameras Essay

This report assesses the social effect of the establishment of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV starting now and into the foreseeable future) cameras in our neighborhood. These cameras have been put by the neighborhood government with the expectation of bringing down crime percentages. Members filled a poll, and this report depends on their input. Constructive outcomes It’s been a month since the establishment of the cameras, and they have just paid off as an extraordinary demoralizing framework. Misdeeds, for example, hold-ups have brought down by 25%, while rapes have brought down by a dumbfounding 78%. Individuals state that they feel more secure and ensured now. Negative impacts In any case (and incomprehensibly), individuals don’t need to be watched day in and day out by the legislature. 75% of the populace feel somewhat awkward about being observed throughout the day, however imagine this is as yet a decent measure, while another 10% don't concur at all with this framework. Among the individuals who don’t care about the consistent observation, 2/3 are the old individuals (60+ years old). Then again, the most hesitant individuals to the CCTV camera framework are somewhere in the range of 15 and 25 years of age, about the 64% of them. This gathering has challenged the framework, in any event, falling back on vandalize and decimate the cameras. Ends The vast majority in the territory think about the CCTV cameras as a fundamental wickedness, and believe that their youngsters are presently ready to go out without the dread of being attacked, of something far more detestable. The vast majority of them don’t like being watched, uncommonly youngsters, however just a couple are truly vexed about this reality. Proposals The best arrangement, given the neighborhood reaction (and the way that the region was conflictive enough to constrain the organization to introduce the cameras), would be for the administration to send more police to the region, both to ensure the cameras and to implement nearby laws. This should prompt a further bringing down of crime percentages.

Procurement Logistic and Supply Chain Management - British Coursework - 1

Acquisition Logistic and Supply Chain Management - British Consolidated Agricultural Machinery - Coursework Example BCAM is going by James Irvine, Managing Director holding 40% of the offers while Tom Irvine is the Production Director with 25% offers in the organization. The organization was set up 100 years back by the Irvine family which appeared during the mass industrialization of UK agrarian area producing tractors and a wide scope of related horticultural hardware like collectors, balers, cutters and sprayers. Over these years, BCAM had the option to fabricate a decent notoriety in the market however needed advancement and disregarded both item and market improvement bombing which the organization couldn't respond to the interest and needed to confront hardened rivalry, essentially from Europe, USA and the Far East. As flexibly chain the board and obtainment coordinations are significant in productive, smooth and ceaseless working of the organization, this paper fundamentally examinations the gracefully chain the executives procedure of British Consolidated Agricultural Machinery (BCAM), its outcomes on the activity and the executives of the organization and assessing various methodologies of flexibly anchor the board to profit the organization as far as improved acquisition and gracefully chain the board. As indicated by Mentzer (2001) gracefully chain the executives is the deliberate, key coordination of the customary business works inside a specific organization and across organizations inside the flexibly chain for the reasons for improving the drawn out exhibition of the individual organizations and gracefully chain all in all. Further Hugos (2006) states that gracefully chain the executives is the coordination of creation, stock, area and transportation among the members in a flexibly chain to accomplish the best blend of responsiveness and proficiency for the market being served† Various definitions from various creators focus mostly on the progression of merchandise and materials inside the organization for opportune creation, cost-effectiveâ operations and better client care which isn't clear or steady in the gracefully chain procedure of BCAM. The flexibly chain process at BCAM didn't meet any of the basic measures as proposed by a few creators in Mentzer (2001).

Geography of the Korean Peninsula

Topography of the Korean Peninsula The Korean Peninsula is a region situated in Eastern Asia. It broadens south from the primary piece of the Asian mainland for around 683 miles (1,100 km). As a landmass, it is encircled by water on three sides and there are five waterways that touch it. These waters incorporate the Sea of Japan, the Yellow Sea, the Korea Strait, the Cheju Strait and Korea Bay. The Korean Peninsula likewise covers an all out land zone of 84,610 miles (219,140 km).The Korean Peninsula has been occupied by people since ancient occasions and a few antiquated administrations and realms controlled the territory. During its initial history the Korean Peninsula was involved by a solitary nation, Korea, however after World War II, it was part into North Korea and South Korea. The biggest city on the Korean Peninsula is Seoul, the capital of South Korea. Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, is another huge city on the peninsula.Most as of late the Korean Peninsula has been in the news because of developing c lashes and pressures among North and South Korea. There have been long stretches of threats between the two countries yet on November 23, 2010, North Korea propelled a gunnery assault on South Korea. This was the main affirmed direct assault on South Korea since the finish of the Korean War in 1953 (there are likewise asserts that North Korea sunk the South Korean warship the Cheonan in March 2010 however North Korea rejects obligation). Because of the assault, South Korea reacted by sending contender streams and terminating went on for a brief timeframe over the Yellow Sea. From that point forward, strains have remained and South Korea has polished military drills with the United States. Geography and Geology of the Korean Peninsula About 70% of the Korean Peninsula is secured by mountains, in spite of the fact that there are some arable grounds on the fields between the mountain ranges. These zones are little anyway so any farming is bound to specific zones around the landmass. The most rocky districts of the Korean Peninsula are the north and east and the most noteworthy mountains are in the northern part. The most elevated mountain on the Korean Peninsula is Baekdu Mountain at 9,002 feet (2,744 m). This mountain is a well of lava and it is situated on the outskirt between North Korea and China.The Korean Peninsula has a sum of 5,255 miles (8,458 km) of coastline. The south and west drifts are likewise unpredictable and the promontory consequently comprises of thousands of islands. Altogether there are around 3,579 islands off the bank of the peninsula.In expressions of its topography, the Korean Peninsula is somewhat geographically dynamic with its most elevated mountain, Baekdu Mountain, having last emitted in 1903. Moreover, there are additionally pit lakes in different mountains, demonstrating volcanism. There are additionally underground aquifers spread all through the promontory and little seismic tremors are normal. Atmosphere of the Korean Peninsula The atmosphere of the Korean Peninsula fluctuates profoundly dependent on the spot. In the south, it is moderately warm and wet since it is influenced by the East Korean Warm Current, while the northern parts are generally a lot colder in light of the fact that a greater amount of its climate originates from northern areas like Siberia. The whole landmass is likewise influenced by the East Asian Monsoon and downpour is basic in midsummer, and storms are normal in the fall.The Korean Peninsulas biggest urban communities, Pyongyang and Seoul shift additionally and Pyongyang is a lot colder (it is in the north) with a normal January low temperature of 13ËšF (- 11ËšC) and the normal August high 84ËšF (29ËšC). The normal January low temperature for Seoul is 21ËšF (- 6ËšC) and the normal August high temperature is 85ËšF (29.5ËšC). Biodiversity of the Korean Peninsula The Korean Peninsula is viewed as a biodiverse place with more than 3,000 types of plants. More than 500 of these are local just to the landmass. The circulation of species over the promontory additionally fluctuates with area, which is predominantly because of the geography and atmosphere all through it. Along these lines the distinctive plant districts are partitioned into zones which are known as the warm-mild, calm and cold mild. A large portion of the landmass comprises of the mild zone. Sources CNN Wire Staff. (29 November 2010). Seoul Warns: Dear Price if North Korea Attacks Again. CNN World. Recovered from: cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/koreas.crisis/index.htmlCNN Wire Staff. (24 November 2010). After North Korean Strike, South Korean Leader Threatens Retaliation. CNN World. Recovered from: cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/23/nkorea.skorea.military.fire/index.html?hptT1Wikipedia.org. (28 November 2010). Korean Peninsula - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Recovered from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_PeninsulaWorldAtlas.com. (n.d.). Korean Peninsula Map, Map of North and South Korea, Korea Information and Facts - WorldAtlas.com. Recovered from: worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/koreanpn.htm

The Targeting strategy :: Business and Management Studies

The Targeting procedure Information procedure paper The business that I will look at is a run of the mill business to customer type managing music related item deals and circulation straightforwardly to clients (direct sell). All music is an online business website that gives an enormous stock of melodic classes. It has an easy to use internet searcher to investigate the immense music database of the site. It gives progressed looking through strategies that help the client to investigate the database as per state of mind, sort, tune and collection title. All music gives additionally to the client an additional assistance that can give him/her the chance to turn into an enlisted individual from the site (free) so as to increase explicit data concerning: exceptional costs, offers, music data as per his/her inclinations, propelled search, extended craftsman data (credits, melodies), article includes just as the capacity to listen sound examples (30 second term) before buying the record. Also it utilizes a 5 star collection rating framework with 5 being the best appraising so as to help the client about the particular discharge. Target Group The Targeting methodology that All music uses depends on advertise division so as to gather and control current and imminent purchasers into gatherings (fragments) that have regular needs and will react comparatively to a showcasing activity. Our objective gathering involved on:  · Age Basically guys and females matured 18-30 years  · Lifestyle Clients that like to buy melodic items, for example, compact disc collections, shirts, music embellishments just as melodic shows. * Location Living in Western Europe and America and can have the option to perform credit card exchanges. The fundamental explanation that All music center more around those regions is expected to the actuality that the particular clients (from measurable data): 1) Perform on-line exchanges by means of charge card on a day by day basis(have legitimate information on the web innovation) 2) Affluent objective gatherings that are moderate to pay for music downloads and compact disc buys charged by record marks through the web. Information component The information that ought to be kept up in the particular showcasing database ought to be: * Customer ID  · Customer name * Country * Customer sexual orientation * Customer age * Occupation * Customer conjugal status * Customer address * Customer telephone(or phone) * Customer email * Customer search history * Financial data  · Preferred sort  · Prospect client Source(where will All music get the information sources?) All music should utilize data concerning the information sources both outer and inside. Analyzing the outer information all music will get the information components with the utilization of a consolidated methodology of aggregated and reaction information so as to recognize the wellspring of data. To be progressively explicit through aggregated information All music will gather from

Night to his Day The social construction of gender Essay

Night to his Day The social development of sexual orientation - Essay Example Consequently, in correlation, the Western social orders appear to be nearly inflexible as in they have just two sexual orientations that are ‘man’ and ‘woman’ (Lorber 3). Is additionally intriguing that some American Indians have a third sex that is ‘female men’ and the people who are associated to this sexual orientation are not required to mimic the methods of men in the issues of dress or in different evident manners to obtain the societal position of a man (Lorber 3). Or maybe it is frequently their financial potential and capacities that lead to them being attributed the status of a man. Conversely, in Western social orders, there likewise exist transsexuals and transvestites. Be that as it may, there is no arrangement for the credit of a third sexual orientation to them. Or maybe such people are required to emulate the persona of the sexual orientation which they yearn for, either through medical procedure or in shallow viewpoints like spr uce up, method of talking, cosmetics, and so on. So the Western social orders are as it were, more unbending than the as of now talked about African or American Indians social orders. Works Cited Lorber, Judith. â€Å"†Night to his Day†: The Social Construction of Gender†. Conundrums of Gender.

Soldering Things

Soldering Things This weekend marks the notable milestone where, for the first time in my life, I get to actually do cool engineering-y things with my actual hands for a research job. I have a UROP (Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program), which means I get to have an on-campus job doing cool sciencey things and learning cooler sciencey things and getting paid for it. Im currently working in the Space Systems Laboratory helping to develop a docking port for little satellites on the International Space Station for testing autonomous docking algorithms. The idea is that you want to develop and test these sorts of things in an environment where if your algorithm doesnt work, an astronaut nearby can just pick it up and fix it (whereas if you were testing in Real Space, you would lose your tens of thousands of dollars of payload into the emptiness of space just because some idiot forgot a semicolon). Anyways. I spent the last month learning how to read circuit board schematics and getting firehosed about circuit theory and printed circuit boards in general. Ive discovered that circuit boards are really cool and Im learning tons about them from my UROP work. I applied to this UROP because I wanted to work in a Real Science Laboratory and do Real Science with my Real Hands, and thats actually exactly what Im getting with all the circuit boards Im swimming in these days. You see, one of the things I want most to get out of freshman year is to develop hands-on experience. For some reason I never got into building things (like FIRST robotics or that sort of thing) in high school, which means that even though I really love working with my hands, my actual building experience is somewhere between I can follow the IKEA instructions and lets make a mousetrap car with cardboard and duct tape. Still, my mom always told me I had clever fingers. She also told me I should become a surgeon. She stopped after I said I wanted to cut up rockets instead of people. In any case, pursuing hands-on experiences in college led me to two extracurriculars: my UROP, which weve discussed, and the MIT  Design/Build/Fly  Team, which designs, builds, and flies remote control airplanes to fulfill missions for a national competition. Design/Build/Fly has been greatweve just finished test-flying two half-scale airplane designs and begun development of our final design. I cant say much more than that just because its a competition and therefore kind of competitive, so the executive people are keeping things very hush-hush. Shhh. But one of the things I learned to do in Design/Build/Fly was soldering. Soldering strikes me as kind of an insane thing to do. Its like somebody said we need a way to connect pieces of metal and the solution they came up with was lets take a hot metal stick and melt a third piece of metal and glob that third piece of metal onto the first two pieces. In any case, its kind of delicate and at the same time kind of badass, becase it means working with hot things and metal (which is a big improvement from working with duct tape and cardboard). So when today my UROP graduate student mentor asked me to replace a motor in one of our prototypes and directed me towards the electronics room, it was with great satisfaction and ego that I sat down at a soldering station and started stripping wires to solder to the motor. Lets just say thissoldering is hard. De-soldering, the art of removing pieces of metal that have already been melted together, is even harder, because usually its impossible to get all of it out the tiny little holes that you need to put new wires through. Thats the story of how I learned to use a solder wick, which is a magical sort of solder-sponge that magically absorbs melted solder. Nevertheless, there was a lot of melted plastic on my motor by the time Id finished soldering wires to it. When I emerged with my soldered blob of a motor and started installing it in the prototype, I was excitedno, expectingto see it work and go home and call it a successful soldering day. It didnt work. I was very sad. I spent another fifteen minutes soldering wires to a new motor, because that old motor has seen too many things and has now been put in a retirement home where it can consult a therapist twice a week. Fortunately with hands-on skills it really is a matter of practice makes perfect. Thats why it only took me fifteen minutes for the second motor (which, thank God, worked beautifully). And thats why Im doing this UROP, because I think it was the first time I was totally absorbed and focused and content with doing the work that I was doing. Its hard to get that feeling (for me, at least) when Im sitting behind a computer screen on a desk clicking buttons to do things. Its things like soldering that make me realize why Im pursuing an education here. Wheeeee. ~Allan

The Impact of the Natural Landscape in Perfume The Story of a Murderer - Literature Essay Samples

The main character in Perfume, Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, sets on a long journey through 18th century France, which starts and ends in Paris. The changes in the landscape during his travels reflect the inner changes in personality he undergoes himself. Patrick Sà ¼skind portrays Grenuoille as very much animal-like because of his incredible sense of smell. Moreover, he is compared to a thick during his childhood and then later on is given animalistic instincts and behavior, such as hunting. However, Grenuoille, who never had a normal relationship with another human being, reaches a point where he desires to be accepted by society. The inner conflict of animal vs. human is further developed through the changes in the landscape in the story. The character’s journey, which is enclosed in a circle, since both its beginning and end are in Paris, emphasizes on Grenouille’s inner wanders between being more human or more animal-like, culminating in his ‘suicide’. Patrick Sà ¼skind describes Paris as a place of horrible stench, crowded with people, which fills Grnouille with loathing for humankind, in order to highlight the idea that since others cannot accept him, he would always be ‘an animal’ on the inside when surrounded by society. â€Å"The streets stank of manure, the courtyards of urine, the stairwells stank of moldering wood and rat droppings, the kitchens of spoiled cabbage and mutton fat; the unaired parlors stank of stale dust, the bedrooms of greasy sheets, damp featherbeds, and the pungently sweet aroma of chamber-pots.† (p. 3) The thorough imagery using only associations to scent makes the atmosphere in the city very dark and unpleasant, reflecting Grenouuille’s personality. For the character however, the stench is even more unbearable because of his incredible sense of smell. Grenouille’s time in Paris could be divided into his early childhood under Madame Gaillard’s care and during his years as an apprentice for Grimal and into him working with the perfumer Baldini. While staying with Madame Gaillard, Grenouille develops his sense of smell and discovers his abilities. He wanders throughout Paris ‘catching’ different scents, slightly turning into rather an animal. â€Å"The other children, however, sensed at once what Grenouille was all about. From the first day, the new arrival was a sinister presence to them. They avoided the box in which he lay†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p. 23). Sà ¼skind highlights the idea that Grenouille is not a normal human being since the other children feel that there is something about him that they cannot understand, which scares them. Moreover, the fact that he sleeps in a box resembles the way house animals sleep. This animal-like personality is further threaded in Grenouille’s stay with Grimal:  "After one year of an existence more animal than human, he contracted anthrax, a disease feared by tanners and usually fatal.† (p. 33) Living in the poorer parts of Paris and sniffing various unpleasant scents, the character develops a hate towards humankind. His feelings are slightly altered, or rather simply put at hold, when he starts working with Baldini. Grenouille is now able to enjoy some more privileges and is engulfed in his desire to learn more about perfumery. This change is reflected by the change in his surroundings: now he lives in a much better part of Paris and is more distant from all the unpleasant scents of the city. Despite that, he still hates his own town, which is used as a metaphor for human beings. â€Å"What did he need Paris for? He knew it down to its last stinking cranny, he took it whit him wherever he went, he had owned Paris for years now.† (p. 112) In fact, Paris represents all the people living there and thus what Grenouille cannot stand are the people, not the city itself. After Grenouille leaves Paris and sets off on his journey to learn new ways to distill scents, he realizes that â€Å"For the first time in his life he did not have to prepare himself to catch the scent of something new, unexpected, hostile – or to lose a pleasant smell – with every breath. For the first time he could almost breathe freely, did not constantly have to be on the olfactory lookout.† (p. 119) The change in the setting, from Paris to the countryside, brings out Grenouille’s true nature. He is no longer surrounded by humans, which allows him to â€Å"breathe freely†. Moreover, the word â€Å"hostile† implies that he feels threatened by other people and prefers being on his own. The character’s loathing for humanity is further developed and eventually reaches a point when he finds the most distant place from any human being – a mountain located in the Massif Central. There, Grenouille embraces animal-like behavior, demonstrated in him hunting down animals for food: â€Å"He also found nourishment in the form of small salamanders and ring snakes; he pinched off their heads, then devoured them whole.† (p. 126) However, at the same time, his inner state juxtaposes with his behavior. Grenouille appears to be an animal but manages to find inner peace, which drives him closer to being a human. His solitude resembles the ways in which people try to come close to spiritual forces or God, such as saints or prophets. The change in the setting from the countryside to the cave on the mountain and Grenouille’s stay there, reflects on his spiritual growth and him reaching the realization that he desires to be accepted by society. This shows how among humans, Grenouille is rather animal-like and when alone, he needs the recognition of others, thus, his more human side is brought out. The next change in the setting in the story occurs when Grenouille leaves the mountain and goes to different cities: Marseille, Montpellier and Grasse. His looks, â€Å"He looked awful. His hair reached down to the hollows of his knees, his scraggly beard to his navel. His nails were like talons, and the skin on his arms and legs, where the rags no longer covered his body, was pealing off in shreds† (p.143), are used to dehumanize him, emphasizing on his animalistic characteristics, despite his recent spiritual growth and new realizations. Later on, his abilities in perfumery allow him to create scents that influence people in particular ways, which leads to his acceptance in society and him having a relatively normal life. However, Grenouille’s aim of creating the ultimate perfume, one that would make people adore him, brings him back to his animalistic personality. â€Å"At first he stalked them from a safe distance with wide-meshed net, for he was less concerned wit h bagging large game than with testing his hunting methods.† (p.193) Grenouille turns into a serial murderer, killing maidens for their scent. His actions once again highlight the inner conflict of animalistic vs. human in an ironic way, since his ultimate goal is to be loved by others, which would be achieved by going against anything human. Grenoullie eventually realizes that despite his utmost efforts, he is not able to overcome his hatred and the desire to be human is prevailed by the animal ‘inside’ of him. â€Å"What he had always longed for – that others should love him – became at the moment of its achievement unbearable, because he did not love them himself, he hated them. And suddenly he knew that he had never found gratification in love, but always only in hatred – in hating and in being hated.† (p. 249) Love and hatred could be seen as metaphors to describe Grenouille’s inner conflict and struggles. The recognition of his true self is stressed by his return to Paris, which closes the character’s life’s circular frame. He goes back to where his life st arted to end his own life, realizing there is no other place where he belongs, but the one he hates the most. The juxtaposition and dark irony are used by Sà ¼skind to reveal that in the end, we are who we are, and Grenouille is more an animal than human. In Perfume, Patrick Sà ¼skind uses the importance of setting to either juxtapose or reflect on the spiritual journey that Grenouille undergoes. The idea of the inner conflict of the character between his animalistic and human selves is used by the author to suggest that everyone has another side to themselves and we have to find a way to deal with our inner struggles. Sà ¼skind criticizes humans for not being brave enough to accept their true nature, trying to hide it or change it, similarly to the way Grenouille believes he wants the love of others.

Education is the Key for the Poverty-Stricken Battle

The Poverty-Stricken Battle The educational system is one of the primary sources operating as a successful strategy to combat poverty in America. The history of education must go back to the first moment of human presence on the planet, since people have been learning from one another ever since. The mind is one of the greatest gifts that humanity has, and the ability to utilize the intelligence obtained has the power of solution through creative thinking. There is a secondary source revolving around a consumer and successful business activity and existence thereof. The sharing of knowledge of how both affect the American plague of poverty with a view of promise may shine bright upon the darkened road of the living with instead of without. How to address the strategy of combating poverty revolves around targeting the root problem to form a building block perspective. Presenting a suggestive solution to overcoming this issue has a focus in the scope of providing opportunity in a successful business environment. In order to provide the communities with business success, building upon the educational system adds much momentum to the growth of humanity. Sharing the creative idea with society is suggestive when you consider that creativity built modern civilization. The thought of humanity living in hardship under conditions lacking adequate means to support a family is sad and disappointing. To focus on a strategy used to combat poverty in our country is a dutiful projectShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream Is A Mere Fantasy For The Poor Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesself-evident. America truly is the land of opportunity; so why are most of our poverty stricken citizens stuck at the bottom? Has the dream become a mere fantasy for the poor? One may say that it is possible for almost all poor Americans to climb the social hierarchy, but they unwilling to put in the effort necessary. While I do concede that it may be possible to climb the social ladder, I’d argue that the negative affect poverty has on work and mental health rig the system so that the opportunity simplyRead MoreThe American Dream : Why The Country Is A Mere Fantasy For The Poor Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pagesbecomes self-evident. America truly is the land of opportunity, s o why are many of our poverty stricken citizens stuck at the bottom? Has the dream become a mere fantasy for the poor? One may say that it is possible for most Americans to climb the social hierarchy, but many are unwilling to do what is necessary. While I do concede that it may be possible to climb the social ladder, I’d argue that the negative affect poverty has on job opportunities and mental health rig the system so that the opportunityRead MoreAfrican American Communities Have Proven To Be A Powerful1536 Words   |  7 Pagesextreme difficulties, challenges and hardships, including the critical yet silent battle with mental health. Culturally, African American families tend to underestimate mental illnesses instead of consulting professional services. Socially, there is a score of stigmas and negative attitudes towards mental illnesses amongst the Black community. Economically, the African American communities that are poverty stricken, or of lower socioeconomic class a re at risk to experience many more cases of mentalRead MoreSex And Sex Trafficking1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Poverty has on Sex Trafficking Suffering from poverty makes life unbearable at times and is hard to escape from. Most individuals that live in poverty are vulnerable and have little hope to improve their lives. Being vulnerable and having no hope for life can often leads to desperation. Sex trafficking and become a means of survival for these individuals. Low income is a major cause for sex trafficking. Sex trafficking can become a reason for a single mother to feed her children or canRead MoreWhy Is Boko Haram?1625 Words   |  7 Pagescomplex leaving a growing concern that Boko Haram is receiving backing from militants in other countries (Aghedo). Boko Haram, loosely translating to â€Å"Western education is a sin,† aims to establish a fully Islamic state in Nigeria, by the implementation of Sharia Law (â€Å"Boko Haram†). Generally, the expression â€Å"Boko Haram† portrays western education or anything associated with western civilization as sinful and forbidden (Ehwarieme). Sharia Law is the Muslim code of living that all Muslims are orderedRead MoreThe Importance Of Pre Kindergarten Education Within Students Suffering From Poverty2156 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract This Contemporary Issues Paper looks at the importance of pre-kindergarten education within students suffering from poverty. The goal is to show the effectiveness of early prevention to prevent intervention in higher grades. Students living in poverty are at-risk of retention or later dropping out. As most of the students living in poverty receive some type of public assistance, I propose we create legislation requiring students of families that receive public assistance to enroll in a pre-kindergartenRead MoreThe Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on the Political Economy of Northeastern Nigeria1666 Words   |  7 PagesJamÄ ÃŠ »at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-daÊ »wa wal-JihÄ d meaning, People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophets Teachings and Jihad (Ekereke 2013, p.5). Founded in 2002 by Mohammed Yusuf, Boko Haram (which imply â€Å"western education is a sin†) first clashed with the Nigerian police in a 5-day battle in July, 2009 (Andrew 2012, p.1). This led to the death o f the founder and emergence of Abubakar Shekau, as the leader of the group. Under Shekau’s leadership, Boko Haram has attacked churches, mosques, markets,Read MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson1837 Words   |  8 Pagesin Asia and the Middle East. Many, particularly females, are constantly manipulated and exploited due to certain factors that all connect to the concept of vulnerability. This can branch out to many aspects, however the main causes are poverty, a lack of education/awareness, gender role, and the absence of government intervention. With the gradual increase of women who are subjugated into illicit sexual enslavement in Asian and Middle Eastern countries, it is evident that victims are typically chosenRead MorePoverty Is More Important Than A War Of Nations1769 Words   |  8 Pagesfought to change maps. But wars of poverty are fought to map change.† Here, Muhammad Ali, a former famous American professional boxer, parallels wars of na tions to simply changing petty lines on a map, while compares wars on poverty to changing the well being of others for the better, not war. A war on poverty is more important than a war of nations because in Ali’s eyes people are all the same and should focus on helping rather than hurting each other. Overall, poverty is a social, economical, and politicalRead MoreA Critique of Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor3046 Words   |  13 PagesSince 1991, the southern half of Somalia, a poverty stricken African nation, has seen various tribal militias battle for dominance and power over individual regions of the country. Violence has plagued Mogadishu, the capital, since warlords ousted the former president. Mere months after the collapse of the government, men, women and children in torn clothes ran helplessly towards packages dropped from military planes towards the hot sand of their tiny village. This action was one of many attempts

Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado

Denita Kumar Michael Frangos ENG 112 September 3, 2014 Revenge and Irony A friendship is based on trust, but do we truly know anyone in the way we think? In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe, a man named Fortunato is about to find out what kind of ‘friend’ Montresor really is. Montresor shows himself to be friendly with Fortunato, but deep down he feels nothing but hate for him. In different ways, both of these men are proud and appear upper class, yet both have faults which will be there undoing. Edgar Allan Poe uses language in a way which provides an understanding of the true nature of the relationship between the two men. The two men are described differently, but they both have something in common; quenching the thirst for something long awaited. Poe reproduces great literary elements with eloquence, the theme of deception and revenge, is justified through the use of Irony and symbolism. â€Å"The Thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge† (Pg.108). The first sentence sets the theme for revenge which permeates the story. An example to strengthen this belief occurs when Montresor tells Fortunato of the pipe of Amontillado which he purchased recently. Fortunato’s responds with surprise at the wine being bought during the carnival, but Montresor believes this to be another slight at his character. Montresor takes this astonishment as yet another insult and reassures himself that hisShow MoreRelatedA Psychoanalytical Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado 1758 Words   |  8 PagesA Psychoanalytical Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe s Use of Characterization in The Cask of Amontillado and The Tell-Tale Heart The mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk above water. -From Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud s topography model of the mind explains that a person s psyche has three levels of consciousness: 1.) the conscious, which holds what a person is aware of; 2.) the preconscious, which stores thoughts and information; and 3.) the unconscious, which warehousesRead MoreAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s Cask Of Amontillado 873 Words   |  4 Pagesfiguratively represents or stands for something else (Mays, A12). In the short story Cask of Amontillado, Edgar Allan Poe uses symbolism to establish the true meaning of revenge behind this story. In short, this story is based upon an act of revenge carried out by Montresor over Fortunato. Montresor lures Fortunato into â€Å"the catacombs of the Montresors† where he carries out his plan of revenge by ultimately killing Fortunato (Poe, 109). The incorporation of precise decisions on the title, the characters namesRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado 1912 Words   |  8 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is a n American author whose writing style, full of mysteries and macabre, has fascinated generations. However, his works are more than just thrillers and morbidities. The writings of this author often contain other themes such as companionship, family bonds, longing passion, and perhaps the strongest of these is revenge. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"Hop-Frog; or, The Eight Chained Ourang-Outangs† are two short stories that certainly demonstrate a recurring theme of revenge. PoeRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado 1200 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Life of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe has become America’s first literary star. His tales or short stories are popular all over the world! Poe lived an unhappy life, when people came in contact with this â€Å"saddest strangest figure in American literary history† they were aware of some of his qualities (Fagin 1). Edgar Allan’s has a complex personality. Poe excelled at creating Gothic and Horror stories. Poe works with realism in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† (Buranelli 19). Poe writes about himselfRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado1018 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature. In order to accomplish this goal, the poet Edgar Allan Poe was rebellious and personal in his writing; and this explains the extraordinary creativity found throughout his work. Edgar Allan Poe had a unique and dark form writing style the mysterious style of writing showed emotion and drama. He used the themes of Gothic, death of the women he loved, and good vs. evil. These forms of writing styles are shown in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, â€Å"The Raven†, and â€Å"Tell Tale Heart.† It demonstratesRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagessignificance of Edgar Allan Poe s style of writing, which commands the use of both death and love most frequently throughout his works, are what really made his literary works become so well known. The nature of death and on questions about the afterlife is usually Poe’s main focus in most of his literary works. A woman who has died at the height of her youth and beauty, leaving a lover behind to mourn. Death and Love, these two main themes are discussed throughout Edgar Allan Poe s literary workRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado 1792 Words   |  8 Pagesmind or intelligence; not to be confused with opinion or belief â€Å"(Roberts, 119). Edgar Allan Poe famously uses point of view in all of his writings. According to Gargano, â€Å"An objective narrator is telling a terrible story objectively might be frightening, but even more frightening is a man telling without emotion the story of his own terrible crime†(Gargano, 52). In Poe’s story stories: â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, â€Å"Black Cat†, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† he usesRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado1232 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the text â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe, some sources will be used to support the thesis statement, which is â€Å"The author uses irony in the text to illustrate the murder of Fortunado by Montresor, who seeks salvation through death†. Also, there is going to be an analysis on the irony found in the text in relation with the story. To support this thesis, I am going to use some examples from some sources such as â€Å"Literary analysis: Irony in The Cask o f Amontillado by Amelia TibbettRead MoreThe Oval Portrait By Edgar Allan Poe1490 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe’s Short Stories Edgar Allan Poe is a much known author. He is known for writing dark and mysterious stories and poems. â€Å"His imaginative storytelling led to literary innovations, earning him the nickname Father of the Detective Story (Edgar Allan Poe Biography.com). When writing stories he wanted the readers to have that one emotion or feeling when reading his writing. Poe has very many stories he is known for two of those short stories being; â€Å"The Oval Portrait† and â€Å"The Cask ofRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1575 Words   |  7 Pagescommitted the perfect murder in just such a tale, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† Montresor plots and kills an unwary friend/foe during carnival time for motives that are unclear. The author of this tale, Edgar Allan Poe, influenced by his somewhat tragic life and one of the most influential Gothic writers, uses symbolism and irony to show the multitude of complicated motives of the narrator in his famous horror story . Upon examining Edgar Allan Poe’s life, one is not surprised that he chooses to write

My Philosophy Of Teaching And Learning - 1603 Words

When asked to write my philosophy of education down on paper, I began thinking how difficult it is to tell someone my exact beliefs because I noticed such a variation in them. There are many things that factor into my philosophy, but throughout life, with new experiences come new beliefs. I have, however, compiled my beliefs about teaching and learning, students, knowledge, and what is worth knowing. These are the beliefs that have shaped me thus far as a student and through my experiences in working in an elementary school. I am sure my beliefs will continue to change and shape my values in my journey of becoming a teacher. There are several factors that affect my belief about teaching and learning. First of all, I believe a teacher†¦show more content†¦Each individual student learns and processes differently, and at different paces. Society wants a well-rounded student who can contribute to everyday life and the working world. A high school diploma meant that the graduate was proficient in basic academic subjects and ready for the workplace. As our population increases, the expectations for school also increase. As culture changes the family structure, society expects schools to teach students more than the basic reading, writing, and arithmetic. The role of school can greatly increase a student s outlook on life and ability to achieve. However, without participation from parents and society, the child is not going to have the ability to be truly well rounded. The teacher should also be a caring and nurturing person. For examples, teachers should let the students know that he or she believes in them. Children need to be encouraged to do their best. Also, different students have different needs. In order to be effective, teachers must be able to adapt to these needs and changes quickly and allow differentiation n o matter race or nationality. Even with the teacher serving as a caring initiator, the students should not run the classroom. Some type of management strategies must be in place to maintain order in the classroom. The teacher should be the head of the classroom with consistent rules. He or she should be an authority

The s Theory Of Personality - 747 Words

Avoidant attachment of a male present in a romantic relationship (Male super ego and madonna-whore complex) The importance of child-parent attachment in Freud s theory of personality is best captured in his characterization of the infant-mother relationship (Richters Waters 1991, Brogaard 2015). Freud (as explained by Richters Waters 1991) described socialization as the process through which a child s natural erotic and aggressive instincts are gradually brought under the control of the superego. Freud believed that children identify with the superegos as well as the situational behaviors of their parents (Richters Waters 1991). Identification process, according to Freud, is rooted in the child s initial total dependence on†¦show more content†¦In many cases as the mother withdraws her constant attention, interaction, and affection (avoidant attachment) the boy responds by acquiring the role the mother by becoming his own source of support and comfort (Richters Waters 1991). â€Å"In Freud s terms, the child gives up the mother as a love object, and incorporates her in his superego (ego ideal)† (Richters Waters 199, 3) A subgroup of men with an avoidant attachment style suffers from a condition known as the Madonna-whore complex ((Brogaard 2015). The avoidant attachment style is characterized by an inability to form long-term committed relationships. It is premised on fear of intimacy, rejection and abandonment that arose in early childhood as explained by Brogaard (2015). Brogaard analyzed that the complex occurs as a result of maltreatment by the mother and fear of incest as interpreted by Freud. â€Å"When a mother abandons, neglects, verbally, emotionally or physically abuses or is emotionally distant from her infant or young child, the child feels so hurt that he will eventually repress many of the memories associated with the mother’s behavior.†(Brogaard 2015). For management of traumatic childhood experiences, the avoidant child will stay away from intimacy and situations that can cause the memories and the negative emotions to reappear (Brogaard 2015). However as explained by Brogaard (2015), subconsciously the child will be looking for

Benefits of the University Model Free Essays

In Stephen Joel Tractenberg article, † Education Is Not a Luxury† (p. 211-216) states his argument that our current school calendar does a disservice to both students and teachers. Tractenberg conveys that even though this last century has seen an incredible renovation in our society, there is an agrarian calendar that dominates our education that was complimentary in times of agrarian society when school was only an option part time for most Americans. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of the University Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our educating the youth is not considered a necessity and in our society today and time of luxury and we take this extra (crucial) time for granted, but we maintain a calendar that reflects up to ten thousand years ago. Tractenberg also states that we will never take school seriously if we operate an ancient agrarian calendar. I agree with the Tractenberg and his promotion of the university model calendar to replace the agrarian calendar. Replacing the agrarian calendar means a fulltime student, will take school more seriously. It will define school as a job and will prepare students for college. With the agrarian calendar removed from the system students can have more time to thoroughly learn everything that is meant to teach to the students and have more time to talk to teachers during office hours. Stephen has a friend who disagrees with sex education â€Å"One of the problems, he said, was that the schools were doing things that they should not be doing teaching sex and drugs and driver’s education, as he put it. These things, he pointed out, should be the business of Maan. 2 the family† Sexual education is very important to learn in school and prepares students for the adult world, and is something that is not taught by all families to the students. I had learned things in sex education that my conservative family had not taught me or ever will. Some schools may not have the time to teach this subject without compromising time for other subjects. He states that we should lengthen the school year to have more time subjects that are academic and afterschool help for students who need it by proposing the extension of time â€Å"I’ve been suggesting, by lengthening the school year, say, to eleven months, and the school day from 9 to 5, or a full shift, whatever the starting and quitting times may be. This, I think, would have a number of benefits. † He goes on and says that teacher are permitted more prep time and students get explore extra-curricular activities in their favor. I agree with his strategy and I believe it makes efficient use of time and students will be able learn everything thoroughly and a 9-5 schedule will make school a first priority. I believe with this new schedule students will be better prepared for college. The type of schedule he proposes gets students ready for the endeavors of college because it is in fact a university model. He goes on by saying, â€Å"What I am proposing may look very much like the university model. That’s exactly what it is. Universities, like schools, are driven by their double missions of learning and service. But universities are also driven by the compelling need to be efficient† He goes on about the cost of an idle school building and how it can be utilized after school hours and I believe it’s a convincing idea. He also supports his University model by saying. â€Å"applying the university model to schools would help to create what university administrators like me spend a lot of time and effort doing—promoting an atmosphere of learning† I agree with his conclusion and he further strengthens this by admitting that school boys and girls do not feel like school is their real occupation. This is true for many high school students, they don’t see the potential in their education and don’t realize how unprepared they are for college with a short schedule. I remember my first full load of college I almost flunked every class because I was almost spoiled with high school schedule I was still adjusted to. Introducing the university model to students not yet in university will greatly prepare them and they go into universities with confidence in their success as new student because they have become accustomed to this schedule. Tractenberg explains further reasoning as to why longer hours will be beneficial to students and teachers and goes into the expanded offerings the much needed extra time can bring. He further goes on by supporting his augment by saying, â€Å"It is dismaying to me that many students come to us without any training in foreign languages, or that only a couple of languages, typically Spanish and French, were offered to them; they were offered no classics, no Russian, no Arabic, no Asian languages. I could say the same about other subjects, including art istory, advanced math, and so on. The result, in any case, is a deficit. † This is a matter of concern and putting the extra time into expanded offerings can help learn these subject thoroughly and not just a brief overview of the subject. In order to learn these subjects thoroughly, time outside of school will be needed with our agrarian schedules. The extra time will also allow student to ask teachers for outside help and in my college classes I found emailing my teachers to be a very useful tool and it has made me a better student. He further goes on and supports the occupation of teaching and conveys to us that creating a full time schedule will create future teachers. He promotes this idea by questioning the readers by asking, â€Å"Are our teachers better at their professions because they work at other jobs during the summer—often menial jobs with trivial pay and befits? Would our youngsters be better off learning from teachers who devote their full effort to teaching rather than scrabbling for a living? † This means the teachers get the chance of full time job and the pay they deserve. I notice when I do very well in a class without much effort, it is because I have a passionate teacher who loves her/his job. Tractenberg concludes his augment by saying, â€Å"education is not a luxury for subsistence farmers but a box full of tools for a lifetime, an endless series of points of departure, and a full-time joy†. With the evolution of our society changing so should our schedules. We are no longer the agrarian society we once were and Tractenberg gives an efficient university model we can use to match the present time needs of students. School is not a luxury , it is a necessity we can afford that prepares us for the future. How to cite Benefits of the University Model, Papers

Stanford Encyclopedia of Ineffability Philosophy †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Stanford Encyclopedia of Ineffability Philosophy. Answer: Introduction: Many arguments have arisen in the question of which philosophical theory best explains the proceeds of the world as we see and know it. The question of adequate knowledge to explain the world is an unending one. Many philosophers have so far tried to explain the kind of notion that best describes the understanding of the world. Among these many theories are the concepts of qualia and the physicalism thesis. This essay therefore is set out to explain, among other things, the canonical concept of a quale as propagated by Clarence Irving Lewis to decipher the reason behind his motivation to introduce the concept, to outline the consequences of Raffmans argument to the physicalism thesis and concept of qualia, and to deduce if this argument was successful. The widely accepted canonical concept of a quale is Clarence Irving Lewiss explanation of the subjectivity of our minds. Born in April 12, 1883 at Stoneham, Massachusetts, Clarence Irving (C.I.) Lewis was one of the most important American academic philosophers. He made most of his phenomenal advances in the 1930s and 1940s. His contributions brought a massive revolution in the fields of epistemology, logic and ethics, affected by his prowess in his various publications and in his influence reflected in his students work. He prides himself in works that manifested the sole aim of philosophy that is to decipher the criteria or principles of the real, the right, the beautiful, and the logically vivid (Lewis, 1929, Chp. 1) which are reciprocated in the various human experiences and activity. His undying determination made him a widely renowned philosopher greatly acclaimed for his inspiring and revolutionary, not to mention, legendary pieces of work demonstrated in his many books. I. Lewis introduced one of the most common theories in philosophy that is the concept of qualia. This concept still causes hot debates in modern philosophy as an attempt to explain how we create and engage perceptional knowledge. He obtained his motivation for introducing the concept of a quale from the need to fully understand and appreciate the proceeds of logic. He had made advances in explaining the basis behind logic and perceptual knowledge and in the course of his discoveries; he wanted to distinguish among the three elements of perceptual knowledge. This was in an attempt to explain the thin line that separates reality from hallucinations: objects objectivity from object subjectivity. His outline elements of perceptual knowledge included: the given or immediate data sense, the act of interpreting the given as an experience of one sort of things as opposed to another, and the concept by which we so interpret the given by relating it to other possibilities of experience (Lewis, 1929, 37-8). He hence devised the concept of quale as an explanation to the three elements of perceptual knowledge. The canonical concept of quale propagated by C.I. Lewis explains that the way we view objects in reality is not necessarily the same as mental picture and sense we associate the object with. This implies that although we all see objects in the world as similar in terms of the physical characteristics, we do not share the same view and perception on the nature of the object. This variation in the perception of a single object is brought about by the counterfactual statements that we harbor in our minds about the experiences we had with the object (Lewis 1929, 142). This is to mean that our actions and reaction while we were in contact with an object is what shapes our perception of the object and not the objectivity, or the physical characteristic of the object (Lewis 1948, 180, 208). This is an opposing concept to physicalism that tends to propagate that the nature of an object in the mental and physical state is the same (Kim, 2011). Physicalism is basically an ontological view in philosophy that relates to the materialistic nature of items in the world (Bennett and McLaughlin, 2011). It makes no reference to the virtual word that is built on perceptions but hypothesizes that the world has only one dimension, the physical (Chalmers, 1996). The concept of quale disputes this one-angle view of the world by introducing the perception knowledge built on the description and recognition of objects using memory like experiences with the object that is or are the qualia(Thomas, ). This concept also almost coincides with the aspects of supervenience physicalism that places mental interpretations of the physical world and the actual physical world to be asymmetrically the same with the mental being effected and pre-determined by the physical (Armstrong, 1968). Often in describing our experience with an object, the statements we make in different environments vary. This is because the experience was shaped by various environmental aspects such as the perception we had about the lighting of the place as we came into contact with the object. However, every experience with one object would be characterized by a qualitative character of an object that does not seem to change in many individuals experiences. This widely repeated character in different experiences is universal and often presented as a factual statement even in the varying environments and experiences. These counterfactual statements are what make up and define a quale (Lewis, 1929, 121). Lewis hypothesized that for starters, qualia are the most basic components of sense-data, the key element and determinant of the proceeds of perception (Tye, 2015). Hence, they are centered on the sense data theory that implores that qualia cannot bring one into contact with the physical object but only the experience of being in close proximity of the object (Jackson, 1977). This derives from the properties of sense data that are the kind of things we are directly aware of in perception; they are dependent on the mind and have properties that perceptually appear to us (Johnston, 2004). These qualia are homogeneous, simple and subjective and as such cannot be the sources of any errors or mistaken predictions unlike the objectivity of an object that is characteristic of the realistic deductions. This is because of the ineffability nature of these qualia. Two individuals might get the physical characteristics of an object right but mentally their description of the objects did rely on two very different qualia. This is to say that, qualia as perceived by two individuals might be very different but they do not alter the knowledge of the physical characteristics, that is, the objectivity of an object as it is perceived in real life (Lewis, 1929, 124). This makes them private too as we cannot discern the thoughts of another person. One limitation of Lewiss concept of qualia is the use of short-cuts in language. Although individuals might perceive an object with universal characteristics reflected in the qualia, they might give wrong interpretation of the objective properties of the object by way of the choice of words that they use. This is to mean that interpretation of the objective characteristics of an object cannot entirely rely on qualia as qualia is purely subjective (Lewis, 1929, 124). In light of the Lewiss concept of qualia and the thesis of physicalism, many arguments and counter theories have been made at an attempt to dispute these two theories (Hawthorne, 103-113). Of interest for this essay are the consequences that Diana Raffmans argument has for both Lewiss concept of qualia and on physicalism. Raffman argued that physicalism was not enough an explanation of the nature and dimensions of the world. This argument was brought forth by the intuition that being in possession of physical information is not enough information. This implies that physicalism leaves out a great deal of information about the world, mainly as is experienced in the states of mind. This is depicted in Freds and Marys stories. Mary, despite having all the physical information of the world acquired from the study of the world from black and white television set, her experience of the world from its reality and from the colored television set was wanting. On exposure to the real world from the black and white room, she learned new things and new aspects of the world that physical information could not provide. The same applies to Freds story in which, until his death, scientist could not actually say that they knew everything about Fred as the study of his anatomy and physiology gave just enough physical information but left out the biggest part that is the king of experience that he had from perceiving the different shades of red1 and red2 colors (Frank, 1950). The consequence of Raffmans argument on the thesis of physicalism is that it discredits this theory as a complete explanation and view of the world and its dimension. Physicalism explores the world as consisting of the physical world only leaving the perceptual world ignored. The explanation of the world cannot be termed complete without the exploration of the experiences we have in this world. Physicalism fails to remove the concept of qualia. Therefore, I tend to agree with the intuition that physicalism leaves out various aspects of the real world that cannot be explained to anyone else. I agree with Jackson that Mary did learn something new on release from the black and white room into the real world. It is also evident that there was something about Fred that even scientific experiments could not decipher. This was his experience on perceiving the two colors. The two cases are not at all different as they point out the deficiency and limitation of the physicalists thesis on phys icalism and physical information. The discrediting of materialism is further achieved by Laurence Nemirow Ability Hypothesis that states that, some modes of understanding consist, not in the grasping of facts, but in the acquisition of abilities (David, 1997, 591). Lewis depicts that experiencing the actual feel of the experience gives one the knowledge how and basically watching one doing something gives you the knowledge that. For example, watching your mother cut onions gives you the knowledge that as was acquired by Mary by simply studying the world from the television and is the knowledge acquired from the physical information propagated by physicalism: knowledge that. Getting to cut the onions yourself gives you the knowledge how that is basically left out in the physical information obtain in observations. This feeling constitutes an important part of consciousness and hence necessary for the explanation of the world. As much as Raffman is openly not a fun of physicalism, she is also not entirely for the concept of qualia. In her argument, she presents the differentiation problem as a major setback on Lewiss concept of qualia (Raffman, 1995). She states that qualia depend largely on memory of perception that is not fine. This course-grained nature of the human memory limits the extent to which one can relate objects in reality based on the qualia they perceive. Therefore, while for example participating in a neuroscience experiment to try and identify the neural correlates of subtle experiences of emotions, the course-grained nature of the memory proves to be the major setback as one cannot finely pin-point to one particular experience in their mind. This is mainly because qualia are subjective and objects are objective as explained by C. I. Lewis. This can further be explained by the statistics that in a population, the quale about the appearance of an object could be a sign of different objectiv e properties and different qualia may be the sign of the same objective property. This implies that a single physical property of an object can be described by many qualia inferences and that one quale or mental representation of an object can decipher tons of physical characteristics of that object. The consequence of Raffmans argument on the concept of qualia is that it made the proceeds of qualia appear insufficient in explaining the mental experiences and how they are exactly correlated with the physical world as it was limited by the human memory that very forgetful and cannot exactly and correctly place an experience with the physical word. I agree with Raffmans argument to dispute the proceeds of physicalism. Physicalism only does not bring out the mental experience in explaining any subject whatsoever. It is deviant of the mental state obtained from key aspects relayed in the senses. This makes the consideration of physical information as enough to describe he world inappropriate. Despite the fact the mental state and consciousness have to be involved in the explanation of the proceeds of the world to give full and competent explanation of the world. This topic too has its limitation. One of the limitations is in describing the fine experience associated with and object as the state of mind relies heavily on the memory that is insufficient and course grained. Therefore, Raffmans argument is effective and successful as it pin-points practical shortcomings of the concept of qualia and the physicalism thesis. Work cited Armstrong, D. A Materialist Theory of the Mind, London: Routledge, 1968 Bennett, K. and McLaughlin, B. 2011. Supervenience in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. E. Zalta Edition Chalmers, D. 1996. The Conscious Mind. New York: Oxford University Press Clarence Irving Lewis. The Knowledge of Objects (excerpt) In Mind and the World-order: Outline of a Theory of Knowledge. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1929. 37-7, 121, 142 Clarence Irving Lewis. Professor Chisholm and Empiricm. The Journal of Philosophy, 45: 517-24. Reprinted in Lewis (1970), 108-208 Diana Raffman. On the Persistence of Phenomenology, in Thomas Metzingers Conscious Experience. Imprint Academic Schoningh, 1995. 293-308. David Lewis. 1997. What Experience Teaches in N. Block, O.J. Flanagan and G. Guzeldere, The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. Cambridge, MIT Press: 591-595 Frank Jackson. Epiphenomenal Qualia. The Philosophical Quarterly (1950), Vol 32, No. 127 (April, 1982) 127-136. New York: Oxford University Press. Hawthorne, J. Blocking Definitions of Materiaalism. Philosophical Studies, 110(2): 103-113 Johnston, Mark. 2004. The Obscure Object of Hallucination. Philosophical Studies. 120: 113-183 Jackson, Frank. 1977. Perception: A Representative Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Kim, J. 2011. What is Consciousness? Philosophy of Mind. 3rd edition. Boulder: Westview Press. Thomas Metzinger. Being No One: The Self-Model Theory of Subjectivity.66 Tye, M. Qualia. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2015 Fall edition. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/qualia/ Accessed on 10th May 2017

Case study week free essay sample

The one thing I liked about Kaolin was though he had many difficulties while starting up his business he was able to think in a different manner how Others might not hind and made his business successful. Kaolin inspired me through his leadership skill and the way he thought like no others would think which made realize that was put in a similar situation back home. Used to do the accounts of my friends business and he used to tell me how the business is going and asked for help because the business was going in a loss.He was and still is the leading karate institute in ABA Dhabi, IS. A. E and is one of the first karate institute to open up in LLC. A. E. When I learned more about his business I understood why was the company going ender loss, they had never increased the price of the services they provided since 2004 so I told him to increase the price same as the other karate institutes in the locality. We will write a custom essay sample on Case study week or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It wasnt easy to just one fine day increase the price so I suggested that we can do a survey in which we ask for his students suggestions.Surprisingly the students said that this is the only institute that ask for suck low price for the services they provide and they told that they would be willing to pay more because they were the best in the whole of ABA Dhabi. As a result of the suggestion he was able to bring it back to profit and penned 3 new branches more. Like Kaolin was able to think differently and was able to help my friend. Kaolin had a variety of ideas regarding exporting; his friend suggested an idea which involved exporting overseas made in Europe junk cars.Kaolin did his research and found out that the idea suggested by his friend was expensive. As a result of his Bulgarian culture Kaolin came up with the idea of importing cheese and he concluded that this product can sell itself in some communities. With this idea he went to many investors seeking to finance his business idea and decided to work by himself after receiving no help from NY investors. After he decided to start up the business by himself, he received financial help from his family and friends.With this help he was able to make his first order of cheese. Kaolin was running the business and living on credit cards and didnt had the required money for his first investment. According to me if he had told me that he was going to start this business I would have asked him to reconsider because a part of his initial shipment got ruined and he lost his storage facility. This business has a great scope and opportunity after he decides upon product line expansion, website creation ND earning more money out of the business.It is very impressive how he started his business from nothing to something and am very sure that he will pay of his debts with friends. Considering that he sells his cheese now for $2 per pound he will gradually be able to increase the price because by that time he will have loyal customers for his brand who will buy it even if the price is a bit high. According to me if he wants to expand his business he can do so by gradually increasing the price of the product which will help him expand and pay off his loan quickly.

What Are The Main Features Of The Basel Iii And How Do They Differ From Basel Ii

Introduction The member states of the Group of twenty (G20) in 2010 certified Basel III framework which aimed at increasing the quality and quantity of capital that banks should have. Basel III replaced Basel I and II after they seemed to be collapsing under the pressure of the financial crisis in various countries (Gromova-Schneider Niziolek 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Are The Main Features Of The Basel Iii And How Do They Differ From Basel Ii specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regulatory institutions are given the authority to have a large-scale-prudential approach in ensuring that Basel III re-establishes better quality liquidity and capital (Lyngen 2012). The purpose of this paper is to examine the key features of Basel III and how it varies from Basel II. Features of Basel III This section focuses on the main features of Basel III and their components which the committee has put forward to ena ble financial institutions to combat the financial crisis. The first feature is concerned with increasing the quality and quantity of capital (Walker 2011). Three stages will be used to advance the value, precision as well as the stability of Capital bases. The first stage involves efforts to stabilise ordinary shares in addition to increasing common shares and the earnings that are retained. The second stage involves harmonising capital instruments and the final tier is concerned with eliminating capital. The second feature is the establishment of additional buffers (Walker 2011).The committee proposes the following approaches to be used to reinforce the coverage of any threats to bank assets, counterparty credit risk and management of market integration. Lastly, capital requirements for counterparty must be reinforced in addition to raising the capital buffer that supports this coverage. The third feature of Basel III is the introduction of Leverage ratio as an added appraisal of Basel II risk based structures. The leverage ration is intended to establish a base to build up leverage in the banking industry, increase efforts to strengthen against model risk. And inaccurate measurement by supplementing the risk based measure with a simplified standard founded on gross exposures (Lyngen 2012). The Fourth feature is managing Counterparty risks by promoting countercyclical buffers. This is also proposed in Basel III as a strategy to advance the build up of capital buffers in appropriate periods which can be relied upon during periods of crisis.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Countercyclical would be advanced through the following means reducing surplus cyclicality of the least amount of capital prerequisite as well as advancing provisions that aim at capital stability in the future (Gromova-Schneider Niziolek 2011). The fourth element is also concerned with efforts to amass a vast amount of information and data over time which can be of help in determining the likelihood of defaulting as had been envisaged in Basel II. The banking industry must also provide support to banks to carry out stress tests so that they develop proper mechanisms to address crises. The Fifth feature involves improving liquidity. Here, the committee has advanced a world wide approach for internationally active banks to achieve the least standard of liquidity (Delahaye 2011). The committee held that banks internationally will be able to borrow more during periods of stress and crises. The Sixth feature deals with the SIFIs or the too big to fail institutions. The committee recognises the fact that these institutions are a threat to other banks in the banking industry (Walker 2011). As a result of this realisation, the committee links with the financial stability board which was also established by G20 to advance several strategies that can be used to address issues in the SIFIs. Such approaches include tighter large exposure restrictions, mandatory recovery and resolution plans. All these features are to be considered during the implementation of Basel III. The differences between Basel III and Basel II The main difference between Basel II and Basel III is the increase in the capital buffer by setting up the minimum quality and quantity of Capital which internationally active banks must have in their possession (Danila 2012). This is evident in the features discussed above since, they all intend to address the issue of ensuring that banks are stable and can survive during periods of stress or financial crises. Basel III expands on the explanations of fliers and provides a clear understanding of capital as an asset to guard against unforeseeable future conditions.Therefore, Basel III adopts these strategies and emphasises on them through the features discussed above to ensure banks have a sustained growth even during times of crises.Adv ertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Are The Main Features Of The Basel Iii And How Do They Differ From Basel Ii specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Basel III is a framework that was developed to put in operation the components of Basel II in addition to helping banks expand the base for sustainability in the banking industry. This is a relevant step since banks have suffered in times of crises and such effects are always transferred to customers. Customers may move to more secure banks and this may have greater impact on the survival of the banks they leave. It is therefore appropriate for a framework to be developed to aid such banks against collapsing specifically during times of stress. This is what Basel III intends to do. References Danila, O 2012, ‘Impact and Limitations Deriving from Basel II within the Context of the Current Financial Crisis’, Theoretical Applied Economics, Little, B rown and Company, NY. Delahaye, B. P 2011, Basel III: Capital Adequacy and Liquidity After The Financial Crisis / Bernd P. Delahaye, World Scientific, London. Gromova-Schneider, A, Niziolek, C 2011, ‘The Road to Basel III — Quantitative Impact Study, the Basel III Framework and Implementation in the EU’, Financial Stability Report (Oesterreichische Nationalbank), Cengage Learning, UK. Lyngen, N 2012 ‘Basel III: Dynamics of State Implementation’, Harvard International Law Journal, vol. 53, pp 519. Web. Walker, G.A 2011, ‘Basel III market and regulatory compromise’, Banking Regulation, vol. 20 no. 1, pp. 53-69.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on What Are The Main Features Of The Basel Iii And How Do They Differ From Basel Ii was written and submitted by user Deborah Vega to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Pronounce the Name of Taiwanese Politician Tsai Ing-wen

How to Pronounce the Name of Taiwanese Politician Tsai Ing-wen In this article, we will look at how to pronounce the name of the president Taiwan, Tsai Ing-wen (è” ¡Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¦â€"‡), which in Hanyu Pinyin would be written Ci YÄ «ngwà ©n. Since most students use Hanyu Pinyin for pronunciation, we  will henceforth use that, although the notes about pronunciation are of course relevant regardless of system. Ci YÄ «ngwà ©n was elected president of Taiwan on Jan. 16, 2016. And yes, her personal name means English, as in the language this article is written in. Below are some easy instructions if you just want to have a rough idea how to pronounce the name. Then we’ll go through a more detailed description, including analysis of common learner errors. Pronouncing Names in Chinese Pronouncing can be very hard if you havent studied the language; sometimes its hard, even if you have.  Ignoring or mispronouncing tones will just add to the confusion. These mistakes add up and often become so serious that a native speaker would fail to understand. Read more about how to pronounce Chinese names. Easy Instructions for Pronouncing Cai Yingwen Chinese names usually consist of three syllables, with the first being the family name and the last two the personal name. There are exceptions to this rule, but it holds true in many cases. Thus, there are three syllables we need to deal with. Cai - Pronounce as ts in hats plus eyeYing - Pronounce as Eng in EnglishWen - Pronounce as when If you want to have a go at the tones, they are falling, high-flat and rising respectively. Note: This pronunciation is not correct pronunciation in Mandarin (though it is reasonably close). It represents an attempt to write the pronunciation using English words. To really get it right, you need to learn some new sounds (see below). How to Actually Pronounce Cai Yingwen If you study Mandarin, you should never ever rely on English approximations like those above. Those are meant for people who dont intend to learn the language! You have to understand the orthography, i.e. how the letters relate to the sounds. There are many traps and pitfalls in Pinyin you have to be familiar with. Now, lets look at the three syllables in more detail, including common learner errors: Cai  (fourth tone) - Her family name is by far the hardest part of the name. c in Pinyin is an affricate, which means that it is a stop sound (a t-sound) followed by a fricative (an s-sound). I used ts in hats above, which is sort of okay, but will lead to a sound that is not aspirated enough. To get that right, you should add a considerable puff of air afterward. If you hold your hand a few inches from your mouth, you should feel the air hitting your hand. The final is okay and is pretty close to eye.Ying  (first tone) - As you have probably guessed already, this syllable was chosen to represent England and thereby English because they do sound quite similar. The i (which is spelt yi here) in Mandarin is pronounced with the tongue closer to the upper teeth than in English. Its as far up and forward you can go, basically. It can almost sound like a soft j at times. The final can have an optional short schwa (as in English the). To get the right -ng, let your jaw drop and your ton gue withdraw. Wen (second tone) - This syllable seldom clauses problem for learners once they sort the spelling (its uen but since its the beginning of the word, its spelt wen). It is actually very close to English when.  Its worth pointing out that some English dialects have an audible h, which should not be present here. It should also be noted that some native speakers of Mandarin reduce the final to sound more like un than en, but this is not the standardized way of pronouncing it. English when is closer. The are some variations for these sounds, but Cai Yingwen/Tsai Ing-wen (è” ¡Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¦â€"‡) can be written like this in IPA: tsÊ °ai jiÅ‹ wÉ™n Conclusion Now you know how to pronounce Tsai Ing-wen (è” ¡Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¦â€"‡). Did you find it hard? If you’re learning Mandarin, dont worry; there arent that many sounds. Once you’ve learned the most common ones, learning to pronounce words (and names) will become much easier!

An evaluation of the ethics program of an organization, Assignment

An evaluation of the ethics program of an organization, - Assignment Example Discussion Background of Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is one of the branded American multinational retail players that operate numerous departmental stores as well as warehouse stores offering high level of discounts in varied items. It came into existence in the year 1962 by Walten Brothers in Arkansas. However, it became the popular among the public from the year 1970. Since then, it has created an image of presenting valuable products at an effective price. So, it holds the second largest position, as per Fortune Global 500 companies. As a result Wal-Mart became successful in creating a worthy image of presenting the products at lowest price to live a better life. So, it is voted as one of the most admired company in the market among others. Being headquartered in Arkansas, it operates successfully in more than over 8970 locations as the largest grocery retailer. However, in different locations, it works with different names but their goal is common, i.e. ‘to save money and live a bett er life’. So, Wal-Mart includes a high level of brand image and reputation in the segment of hypermarket or supermarkets or departmental stores as compared to many other rivals. ... In order to do so, the management of Wal-Mart joined hands with various NGO’s, government leaders as well as other retailers. With the help of such co-operations, the management aims to enhance the working conditions as well as the living standards of the workers in a significant way. This helps in enhancing the power of excellence and motivation of the workers, entirely responsible for producing the products for which varied types of measures are implemented such as: Promoting safety and security within the supply chain functions - in order to improve the safety and security of the supply chain, varied types of policies are implemented like zero tolerance policy. Side by side, the management also tried to maintain transparency with its contractors and terminated all the unauthorised ones. Such type of decisions proved effective for the organization as well as its employees. Safety from fire - in order to reduce the risk of fire, barred windows and doors that mainly existed on the staircases were shifted so that the fire may not spread more vividly. Moreover, all the doors and buildings also comprise of a secondary exists, so that in case of emergency, the employees might exit immediately. Due to the presence of such type of facilities, the security of the employees from fire also enhanced to a certain extent. Fire safety related training programs - in order to improve the knowledge and inner skills of the employees over the security of fire, varied types of training programs are also implemented within the organization. This helps the employee to know varied types of ways to save him or herself from fire. Education and training programs - With the help of implementation of these programs, the devotion and motivation of the employees over

Had I Been White Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Had I Been White - Essay Example Diouna, a young Senegalese woman was working as a laundress for the Pouchet family stationed in Dakar. When the family decided to take a holiday in France, they took Diouna along with them on the mistaken assumption by Diouana that she has been employed as a governess to the children of the couple. The French couple took advantage of the innocence and the lack of literacy of the black girl that made her lose all her hopes and dreams in coming to France. The scheming way of Madame Pouchet in taking Diouna to France was clearly demonstrated in the story. â€Å"In France when she hired a maid not only was the salary higher, but the maid demanded a day off to boot† (770). This was always the dilemma of Madame Pouchet whenever they had their holiday in France. â€Å"She had conceived a plan for her next vacation† (770). Her plan was to hire an African girl because she knew that â€Å"for three thousand francs a month, any young African girl would have followed her to the en d of the earth† (770). Madame Pouchet was set to put up her plan to success by praising the beauty of living in France and by showering Diouana with things such as old clothes and shoes that she knows would be of great necessity on the impoverished condition of Diouana and her family. Diouana fantasizes France as the land where her hope of becoming rich will come true. All she could think of was the â€Å"beauty, richness, and the joy of living† (770) in France. For Diouana getting rich would mean the â€Å"freedom to go where she wished, without having to work like a beast of burden† (770). This was the set of mind of Diouana that even an advice from Tive Correa, an old sailor who spent twenty years of his life in France, â€Å"For Diouana, he predicted nothing but misfortune† (772), was not given any consideration or thought. The youth should listen to the wisdom of experience of the old generation because they have been exposed to the realities of life and they are no longer blinded by their dreams. The courage of Tive Correa to counter the defense of Monsiuer Pouchet: â€Å"Certainly. What young African doesn’t dream of going to France?† (772) when the former announced that they did not force Diouana to come with them, was a manifestation of how knowledgeable he was on the real life of the Africans far from their native land. Diouana should have been more sensible when Tive Correa related how young Africans â€Å"confuse living in France with being a servant in France† (772). It should have been an eye opener for Diouna when Tive Correa relates that in Casamance, â€Å"we say that the darkness pursues the butterfly† (772) and not â€Å"the light attracts the butterfly† (772). Realization on her real life in France dawned upon Diouana: â€Å"Sold, sold. Bought, bought. They’ve bought me. For three thousand francs I do all this work. They lured me, tied me to them, and I’m stuck her e like a slave† (775). There is nothing more crushing to the spirit of one who is dreaming of a good life than knowing that he was deceived. Deceived up to the extent of losing one’s identity – â€Å"The neighbors would say: ‘It’s the Pouchets’ black girl . . .’ She wasn’t ‘the African girl’ in her own right, but theirs. And that hurt† (775). It was a very sad state for a person to feel so alone, far from the family who would protect and love and feeling that all hopes are shattered. These conditions usually lead to self-incrimination and will lead to getting angry with oneself and blaming yourself for all the misfortunes. â€Å"Her ignorance made her mute. It was infuriating.†(775). The deception of Madame Pouchet was unmasked by Diouana and she detest being lured by her employers. Madame Pouchet’

National competitive advantage of technology

National competitive advantage of technology Is technology the basis of long-term national competitive advantage? Compare the differences in the innovation systems of leading economies, industries and firms? Kay (1993) describes â€Å"innovation† as a ‘distinctive capability that can help provide the foundation for competitive advantage. Technology has been shaping the world since the start of the human era. Even in the business world it has changed the way businesses works, it has changed the manner we perceive and even the way we manage business. There are three major forms of innovating; RD, imported technology and technological transfers.   So, to argue we will use porter and chandlers theories with comparing the three different tires of the Nation level, the Industry level and the Firm level to understand whether technology on itself or with factors leads to a National competitive advantage. And we will focus over the major five economies, which are USA, UK, Germany, Japan and China. Technological development and innovation is a quite vital for long-term national competitiveness and success. Porter (1998) defined the national competitive advantage as the capacity of nation to attract local and foreign firms to use a platform for conducting business and attaining economic success. Therefore, with better technology will bring in more options for business and will be more attractive. Porter stresses the importance of technological change as â€Å"The determinants of national innovative capacity†, 2002, by referring this as one of the principal drivers of competition, which is at the heart of economic growth and development. The major reasons which supports the argument of it being vital to competitive advantage is because of the way it leads to differentiation or lower costs from the competitors in product and service designs. Firms must broaden and extend the basis of their competitive advantage by innovation through technology development and update (Fitzge rald, 1994). Innovation through technological development can also lead to national comparative advantage. Even though technology is one of the primary determinants of national competitiveness, they are other factors. Moreover, distinguishing the â€Å"Invention† from â€Å"Innovation† is must and has been done by Schumpeter, in which the invention is just a scientific breakthrough and not necessarily a business one cause of the commercial viability, being unknown. However, the job of the research and development is more to bring in the commercial viability, which may turn out to be a competitive advantage. The phrase deemed â€Å"technological change† has altered the society and increased the national wealth through success of various governments, since the 19th century. One of the major contributors in the development of economies and technology are the large industrial enterprises, which earlier with their super-normal profits and evolving competition, embodied innovation in their processes and products. So the major factors that led to these technological enterprises were lower costs, better human resources inclusive of management, smooth flow of material and information with well-built distributing networks and a primary driver of technological advances, (Chandler, 1995) Metcalfe, (1995) defines National innovation systems as â€Å"set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides the framework within which governments form and implement policies to influence the innovation process. As such it is a system of interconnected institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and arti facts which define new technologies.† As stated above, the major five economies have been analysed at the macro level amongst their National Innovation Systems. The resources for Japanese innovation are mostly through private firms, public research institutions and educational institutions; for the USA are mostly non-US firms and educational institutions (Buiges, 2009). While the UK, Germany and China share similar resources, which is mainly the government. So, to start we analyse the RD expenditure to the economic output of the countries. The USA has a stable expenditure share between 2.5 to 3% since 1996 (Dicken, 2003). While, Japan on the contrary has the highest share of expenditure for RD which has been more than 3% of the countrys output since 2007 and the percentage is increasing (Abe and Fitzgerald, 1995). U.K. and Germany have been steady with their RD expenditure ranging from 1.5 to 2% since 1996. The Chinese increased their input by 1% from 1996 to 2006. The second major consideration is the pool of scientists and engineers in which Japan overtakes the USA. Even though USA has a mighty infrastructure of education and research. One of the major origins of innovation in the USA is non-US firms, mostly related to Japan. Hence, Wright (1992) stated â€Å"following World War 2, USA was the worlds most productive economy by virtually any measure; however, this is no longer.† Students in Germany are not trained in school, while Chinese students are now trained occupationally in school to fill in the gap of the lacking of skilled and experienced work force in china mentioned by Buiges (2009). Hence we can see that to build innovation, the other investments like in financial, information, educational systems are required with government supporting policies and sometimes industry collectivity. The first industry we opt for in the pharmaceutical industry, as it has high relevance to innovation and RD, to contrast the national systems at an industry level. The â€Å"first mover† explained by (Chandler 1992), as a crucial role was done by Germany in the pharmaceutical industry for a stronger position. This national innovation system helps in explaining why German companies like Bayer and Salvesan are able to be at the upper hand. These companies R D investment started as early as in 1870s, which help them innovating aspirin and anti-syphilis drug. Sustaining the competitive advantage over first is not possible until it is cyclical (repetitive), after world war one, Germans lost to the Americans and the British. This happened after the US and UK were forced producing substitutes to those drugs from Germany, to which they lost supply, hence started focusing on developing the domestic industry (Owen 1999). The companies were like Burroughs welcome and May Baker in the UK and Eli Lilly in the US. Loosing out in the first mover, the dependencies of the UK had increased but to counter the affect and to create a national advantage, the National Health Service (NHS) was established in 1984. The NHS is referred as the â€Å"ultimate paymaster for the bulk of the industry sales.† (Owen 1999:371). Another exposure that the British gained for responding to the Germans was the presence of major multinationals which brought in mass capital from countries like US, Switzerland and France which acted as a stimulus rather than being a threat. Finally, government intervention as a supporter gave a platform to companies like SmithKline and Pfizer. As a result the British with its strong innovation index and its regulatory options attracted Research and development. To support this argument Nelson (1993:279), states, â€Å"Competitive success in pharmaceuticals depends on a domestic environment which encourages firms to invest in costly research and development programs.† The Ec onomist shows after the Nelson argument, expenditure on RD in the UK increased by a staggering 6% since 1995, (The Economist, March 2005). The major difference in NIS of US and the UK has been the government support, which was majorly lacking in the USA and enforced the pharmaceutical industry to heavily rely on the Market networks, to support stands Glaxo and La Roche as examples. Even the statistics show the dramatic rise of expenditure on marketing to 33% in comparison to the 19% investment on RD by Novartis. (The Economist, March 2005). Americas large domestic market has always been the excuse for super normal profits and then innovation and further by competitive advantage but there is a reason for the European counterparts to outsmart them even with lesser finances and resources was cause of the government support and culture. Even Owen supports the argument of having a domestic market is not the utmost reason for being more competitive. Due to lack of resources and government regulations about the usage of resources the Japanese were far behind in developing a NIS in the pharmaceutical industry and tend to follow the path of mergers and acquisitions to be competitive. A relevant instance was the takeover of La Roche over Chugai, a major innovator in Japans pharmaceutical industry. The second industry we opted for analysis is the semi-conductor industry. To start with USA the most competitive in this industry, where clusters have been the key to its NIS. Porter defines clusters, as a system of inter-related firms that are connected vertically and horizontally, with a value greater than its parts sum of its parts. The two major constituents of the American NIS are Route 128 and the â€Å"Silicon Valley†, which is the present core, (Dicken, 2004). The clusters have led to easier and much faster knowledge sharing which leads to an advantage. The use of clusters has also led to development of American FDI into Malaysia as another cluster for less expensive labour. The semi-conductor business being highly technical, educational system especially universities have been vital. The USA and Germany have provided with a better university network with close relationships between the firms and universities, facilitating with a stream of scientists and engineers with the skills to innovate, (Nelson 1993). The University of Stanford location around the Silicon Valley stands for a reason. This competitive NIS was firstly sheltered and supported by the government. A similar form of cluster evolved in Japan wit the five major semi-conductor producers, which are NEC, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Toshiba and Mitsubishi. The group was called MITI collaboration for research. The group was 40 % funded by the Japanese government leading the Japanese government to be a virtual part, (Dicken, 2004). As mentioned above the Americans protected the semi conductor industry, was because of Japans government support and restrictions on American semi-conductors with the supply of cheaper semi-conductors known as â€Å"Dump Chips† in the US. The Chinese followed the Japanese in making a hold in the international semi-conductor market, even though with their â€Å"open door policy†, they had generated FDI before like merging with Taiwanese company ACER Ltd. The major difference in innovation systems of the two late industrializing nations i.e. China and Japan and the rest three is that instead of being pioneers in the semi-conductor industry they choose innovation through â€Å"imitation.† In most cases the learned technology was diffused and made it into an easier adaptable version, following innovating the technology. The only price for them to pay was the license fee. Well, now the Asian countries have started to invest more in research and development for creating their own innovations. Japan is quite successful in implementing it and has been considered as the â€Å"powerhouse† in RD like the US. China is on the path and is using a techno hybrid technology, with FDI, technology transfer in it, they are evolving as a key player in the semi-conductor industry. (Fitzgerald Cirvagena, 2009) To conclude, Technology is important for a countrys national competitive advantage, but as this discussion has shown, technology is not the only factor that can stimulate a leading position in a particular industry and for the economy. As Dicken (2004) highlights â€Å"In an intensely competitive environment, the introduction of a continuous stream of new products is essential to a firms profitability and indeed survival†, which referred earlier a repetitive or cyclical innovation is must.   Furthermore, by analyzing the NIS of the todays five leading economies, we have seen that the role of the state, clusters, and corporate governance, education systems, culture, have been vital components. This discussion possibly asks us to consider which is the best NIS to gain a national competitive advantage. In reflection of the two industries that have been looked at, a blend of different factors can be identified and have been justified.   The challenging nature of the US pharmaceutical industry could be improved by following the UK NIS, which recently the Obama Administration in the USA had approved. The fact that the UK semiconductor industry is such a small player in this market could be due to a lack of RD investment, which its US counterparts achieved through clustering. It is clear that one single approach in NIS is not the key to a countrys national competitive advantage or industry. References Buiges, P Sekkat, K (2009). Industrial Policy in Europe, Japan and the USA. UK: Macmillan Publishers. p.180-220. Chandler, A, ‘Managerial Enterprise and Competitive Capabilities in Jones, G and Harvey, C. (1992) Organisational Capability and Competitive Advantage. London: Frank Cass. Chandler, A.D (1995). Strategy and structure: chapters in the history of the industrial enterprise. USA: MIT. p.1-20. Dicken, P. (2004) ‘Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century London: Sage Dicken, P. (2003) Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy. E, Abe and R, Fitzgerald (1995) ‘Japanese Economic Success: timing, culture and organizational capability Fitzgerald, R Ciravgena, L. (2009) ‘Technological Innovation, MN 330 Lecture 10 Fitzgerald, R (1994). The Competitive Advantages of Far Eastern Business. Great Britain: Frank Cass Ltd. p. 1-16. Kay, J (1993). Innovation, technology and competitive strategy . USA: Economic and Social Research Council. 1-16. Metcalfe, S. (1995), â€Å"The Economic Foundations of Technology Policy: Equilibrium and Evolutionary Perspectives†, in P. Stoneman (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford (UK)/Cambridge (US) Nelson, R.R (1993) ‘National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Context, Oxford: Oxford University Press Nelson, R.R.   Wright, G. (1992) ‘The rise and fall of American technological leadership: the post-war era in historical perspective, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 30. Owen, G. 1999. From empire to Europe. London: Harper Collins Porter, M. (1998). The competitive advantage of nations: with a new introduction. USA: Harvard Business Review. p.73-90 Porter, M. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy. 31 (6), p.899-933. Finefacts Team (2005) ‘RD scorecard Global top 1,000 Companies: US firms dominate, 86% of total RD comes from just 6 countries out of 36, Oct 24, 2005 The Economist (2005) ‘Prescriptions for change, A Survey of Pharmaceuticals, June 18th, 2005